Ultimately? Mebbee ... but it depends on what fails and how the computer interprets it.
Slipping friction materials in the transmission will be tattled upon because of the RPM differences of the expected values after a shift is attempted.
The input RPM as read from (maybe) the crankshaft sensor, will send that metric to the ECM and then the output shaft will also relate its RPM and they have to meet the plotted hard-coded values from the engineers at the factory.
Yeah - a CEL should pop if there's a (multiple) late shift, an incomplete shift, or any component(s) are slipping and letting the engine rev higher than normal.
But - realistically --- we live until we die and cars drive until they cease to motivate. Mechanical things will die ultimately.
Drive it with an eye to transmission failure since you've already rocked that boat - and save your Krugerrands for the day it won't back up or won't shift above 2nd gear. It happens.