They don't "put out" a signal ... well .... not like you think.
I'm sure if I step on my tail here that I'll be corrected ... so here I go ......
Three wires typically .... and this is SOME sensors but not all ...... because some are 1-wire, 2-wire, 3-wire, 4-wire and even 5-wire .......... but you are interested in the 3-wire units ... I think........
1] A ground, ultimately back at the battery.
2] 5.0V pure DC closely regulated voltage from the computer
3] 0.0V to 5.0V as modified by sensor, returned to computer for interpretation.
"Self Generating" sensors like the O2 units, create voltage according to free oxygen and it doesn't actually need a 5.0V reference signal. Modern O2 sensors will use 12VDC to help heat the sensor to get it on-line faster (quick start).
There are O2 units that generate 0.0 to 5.0 VDC, others that generate 0.0 to almost 12.0 VDC ... the latter not used much in modern vehicles AFAIK ... I might be wrong here.
- Some piezoelectric sensors create voltage and some get "floored" by the 5.0V to raise it's operating at a voltage above 5.0 VDC where it can be more accurate over a larger swept voltage.
- Some detect signals from Infrared or Hall Effect pulses, wherein the IR sensor needs the 5.0V to power up the IR diode AND send the counts to the ECM.
- Some purely resistive sensors (ie: a radio volume knob) use the 5.0 VDC and present a swept resistance via a potienometer to indicate position or attitude.
- There are also negative- (-) or positive- (+) biased thermistors that detect specialized conditions.
- Another sensor that the cooling system uses is an ionic detection non-consummable anode to detect low coolant conditions in the radiator.
- Some sensors create a pulsating digital voltage for computer analysis by gating the 5.0VDC from the ECM .and sendingit back to the ECM.
There're lots of variations.